Bonjour Monsieur, Bonjour Madame! 배우고는 싶지만 접근하기 쉽지 않은 프랑스어, 이제 가볍게 시작해보자. 문법부터 회화까지 한 번에 완성하는 기초 프랑스어. 류재화 선생님의 유쾌한 프랑스어 강좌에 과감히 10주만 투자하면 프랑스어, 나도 할 수 있다!
미국국립의학도서관에서 제작하는 MEDLINE을 기반으로 의학전반에 걸친 1,300여종의 저널 원문을 제공하는 서비스입니다.
There are a variety of ways of answering to yes/no questions in Korean. One of them is verb-echo answers (VEAs), whereby speakers use as answers only the verbs which have already been mentioned in the preceding questions. We argue in this paper that unpronounced (or omitted) arguments in Korean verb-echo answers are phonologically null pronominals, namely pros, rejecting the TP ellipsis approach, which proposes that a verb undergoes V-T-C movement, and subsequently, the TP containing its argument(s) is deleted at PF. The current approach is supported by the fact that the recoverability of manner adverbs located inside verbal domains is restricted, and that we can easily find out instances where voice mismatch is allowed in verb-echo answers. In doing so, we propose what follows: First, pro-drop in VEAs needs an appropriate identity domain, whose size can vary depending on information structure. Second, adjunct ellipsis DOES exist in Korean, and it is licensed by a local head Pol in the matrix clause.(Seoul National University and Dongguk University)
This paper is to introduce our approach in seeking Culturomics, where culture, information, and social science studies are converged. Our studies aim to look into dynamic changes of culture, using text retrieval systems and text visualization techniques using big size text data provided by Project Gutenberg. Our role-model, Google books and Google Ngram Viewers, which contain trillions of words, deal with only text visualization based on preprocessed ngram data. In order to show more detailed micro approach, we show text concordance retrieval data together with macro approach of text visualization. Since Project Gutenberg only provides with copy-right free data and the majorities of the data is concentrated between 1880 and 1910, chronological transition of macro approach can be biased solely depending on frequency measurement. Upon such statistical questions, we found out that relative log frequency is very suitable for seeking our goal. (Ewha Womans University)
(Korean National Open University): Notwithstanding is the only English preposition that can both precede and follow its complement (i.e. object) without a change of form. Previous studies have not provided an extensive empirical analysis of the word order variation. This study investigates which factors have an effect on the position of notwithstanding by utilizing relevant historical and modern corpora. With respect to regional differences, the findings reveal that the postposed forms are in general more common in American English than in British English. In terms of genre, while it is found that the preposition is most frequent in academic writings, the ratio of the postpositional variant is higher in less formal genres such as fiction, magazine and news. Historically, the frequency of postposed notwithstanding increases in the twentieth century after a period of early loss in its usage in the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries. In this paper, I argue that this is due to post-colonial revival and not colonial lag. The preposed form is dominant in different national varieties of English around the world. The future of notwithstanding is uncertain since the preposition itself is becoming rarer in present-day English notwithstanding the fact that the use of postpositional variant increases in American English.
A command can be issued with an imperative or an explicit performative with an embedded clause. However, an explicit performative with an embedded imperative is not acceptable. If an imperative is embedded, it becomes a ko-phrase, where ko is a complementizer. If an explicit performative is used as a command, it take a kes-phrase with a modal adnominal ending -(u)l. I claim that a ko-phrase is interpreted as an intensional semantic entity, which makes it possible for a ko-phrase to express a non-realistic content of a command. With a kes-phrase, an explicit performative can express a command because the kes-phrase can denote an extensional semantic entity as a realistic content of a command. In showing these differences, I propose the semantics of an imperative and an explicit performative as world changers. (Hongik University)
The immediate use of the contextual information to predict the upcoming information during sentence comprehension may vary depending on the aspects of the linguistic and world knowledge and the cognitive ability of readers. In this study, we investigated how well older readers employ their linguistic and world knowledge to develop the expectation for the upcoming information during sentence comprehension. In two offline tasks (cloze and listing), older and young readers were asked to complete sentence fragments (when agents and recipients were given or when agents and patients were given). The responses were used to compute predictability measurements (structural and lexical predictability). We found no aging effect in the production of likely structural choices and likely lexical choices, meaning that the most predictable ones to older readers were also the most predictable to young readers. Significant aging effect emerged in the production of unlikely choices; older readers were more predictable to unlikely structures but less predictable to unlikely words. We discuss the contextual sensitivity of older readers in formulating their knowledge representation for what is coming up next.
Korean displays an interesting construction (so-called possessor agreement construction), where a possessor nominal and its possessum nominal are marked with the same case as shown in the example Mary-ka John-ul tali-lul cha-ss-ta ‘Mary kicked John's leg’ More interestingly, not all possessors in possessive construction are marked the same case with its possessum as shorn in the ungrammatical sentence ＊Mary-ka John-ul cha-lul cha-ss-ta ‘Mary kicked John's car’. Hence, a simple but non-trivial question arises: In what situation are both possessors and possessums marked with the same case? In this paper, we advance three claims: (i) Possessor agreement appears in the situation where entailment is satisfied as follows: If Mary kicked John's leg, it entails that Mary kicked John, (ii) entailment in possessor agreement results from theta-feature sharing; specifically, the whole DP and the possessor DP share the same theta role, and (iii) Possessor nominals are marked with accusative (or nominative) case when they are assigned internal theta role from the predicate directly. (Sogang University)
The progressive in English is taken to be an operator which takes a non-stative predicate and returns a predicate which denotes a process with a temporal frame around some definite time or event. When, it is combined with a predicate which has a culmination in the event, the sentence means that the culmination has not come yet. So the event denoted by the base predicate is not true at the current time. On the other hand, when it is combined with a predicate which has no culmination in the event, the event denoted by the base predicate is taken to be true. In this paper, this is explained by the semantics of the progressive based on the notion of contributiveness. I propose that a progressive sentence is verified by some subevents which are contributive to the current situation and the progress of the event beyond the threshold level of the event denoted by the base predicate. A sub-situation is contributive if the addition of it to the previous situation is more likely to lead to the whole situation than the previous situation. (Hongik University)
This paper attempts to provide an alternative analysis involving categorical issues related to English gerunds. Especially, this paper rejects Maulof's approach that creates a new syntactic category gerund by mixing nominal and verbal categories. This paper identifies two syntactic structures in English gerunds: nominal gerunds and verbal gerunds. This distinction is based on syntactic and semantic characteristics of each type and is intended to account for the external distribution and endocentricity of the construction. Treating verbal gerunds syntactically as verbal categories, this paper proposes that English verbal gerunds act like other verbal categories such as infinitives whereas nominal gerunds behaves much like derived nominals. This paper proposes a few lexical rules that can take care of the two types of gerunds. The proposal can be extended to prepositional complements as well as sentential subject positions. This proposal not only resolves the issues involving distributional properties of the gerund construction but also captures syntactic parallelism observable between gerunds and other verbal constructions in English. (Kwangwoon University)